Instead of exhaustive, expensive chemical analysis. Oral tobacco is thus essential to prevent adverse effects.īioassay of sample subfractions (bioassay-directed subfractionation) is a useful tool to indicate toxic subfractions Was 1.8 cents on a tin of snuff, and 1 cent on a pouch ofĬhewing tobacco. The 1989 federal tax on cigarettes was 16 cents per pack it More difficult to break than that to cigarette smoking. The addiction to smokeless tobacco is also Annually, 75% of 30,300 newĬases of oropharyngeal cancers have been attributed to tobacco use. School males had used either chewing tobacco (CT) or snuffĭuring the previous 30 d. Lesions, leukoplakia, gingival recession, and oral and otherĬancers at the site of contact. Regular use of smokeless tobacco is associated with oral Health concerns of these CT products were evaluated by comparison with the Draize test. (ICP) to identify and quantify acutely toxic components inĭifferent aqueous extractions was assessed. Of the Microtox bioassay in tandem with gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) and inductively coupled plasma The aims of the present work were,įirst, t o prepare the CT leachates in artificial saliva by simulating oral mastication movement and, second, to developĪn extraction scheme to simulate the chemical subfractionation in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract. We have previously reported that nicotine, cotinine, aldehyde, and carboxylic acid irritants can be detected by the Rabbit intramuscular implantation test, and mouse systemic United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) mouse safety test, the The MicrotoxĮC50 (the concentration causing 50% decrease of light emission) has been correlated to the toxicity parameters of mammalian animal test methods such as Draize irritative tests, the Is the best available choice for rapid screening assessment ofĪcute toxicity of environmental sampl es. The bioassay is based on monitoring decreases in bioluminescence from Photobacterium phosphoreum on challenge with “toxic” substances. The has been proposed as an alternative to standard ecotoxicity tests with fish or invertebrates Irritative compounds and subfractions, and can be potentially applied to saliva biological monitoring in humans. Thus, the Microtox test can be used to detect Showed that leached nicotine concentrations were mildly to moderately irritating. Classification by Draize ocular irritative categories Nicotine was the major acutely toxic agent detected. The low toxicity of artificial saliva allowed development of a sensitive bioassay. T o biological digestive sequences and to simulate nicotine bioavailability. The subfractionation (pH 7 extraction, p H 2 extraction, then pH 10 extraction using organic solvents) scheme was shown to be comparable GC-MS identified and quantified the toxic components. The Microtox bioassay-directed subfractionation scheme identified acutely toxic components in chewing tobacco extracts. Chewing tobaccoĮxtractions into artificial saliva simulated oral chewing conditions. (Received 29 October 1993 Accepted 10 January 1994)Ībstract -The aims were to develop a method t o simulate extraction of toxic components into human saliva, to identify theseĬomponents through bioassay-driven analyses using the and to quantify the toxic compounds. 1177-1186, 1994īIOASSAY-DRIVEN ANALYSIS OF CHEWING TOBACCO EXTRACTSĬenter for Occupational and Environmental Health, UCLA School of Public Health,ġ0833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90024-1772 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol.
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